Tér - Gazdaság - Ember/Journal of Region, Economy and Society
Tér – Gazdaság – Ember/Journal of Region, Economy and Society is a double-blind peer-reviewed academic journal of the Gyula Kautz Faculty of Economics at Széchenyi István University, founded in 2012 and published continuously since 2013. Its aim is to analyse spatial, economic, and social processes with a multidisciplinary approach, highlighting their interdependencies and interconnections. From 2025, the journal will be published twice a year, in June and December, in Hungarian and English. The journal will follow a continuous publication schedule.
The Experiences of the LEADER Programme in two Local Action Groups in South Transdanubia
Purpose – Launched as a Community initiative in the European Union in 1991, LEADER became an integral part of rural development in 2007 and has been integrated into rural development programmes across Europe. This research aims to highlight the similarities and differences between the three programming periods from 2004 to 2020 as well as the opportunities and constraints of LEADER as a grassroot, endogenous development model based on true partnership, by examining the functioning of LEADER Local Action Groups in the South Transdanubian Region, one of the least prosperous regions of Hungary. Design/methodology/approach – Our study is based on structured in-depth interviews with two local action group staff. The questionnaires were based on international and national literature and ex-post reports related to the closure of the programming periods, and will form the basis of a further Q-method study to be carried out in the future. Findings –Local community activity was high in both LAGs examined, so the bottom-up approach was perfectly implemented during the elaboration of the local development strategy. The active participation of LAGs in the selection of supported projects and the increasing availability of resources during the programming periods are elements that can be integrated into LEADER ‘s specific management and financing system. However, uncertainty and unpredictability, as negative factors, have led to the deliberate under-planning of indicators. Originality – Few studies addresses specifically the situation in the South Transdanubian region or the distribution and efficient use of funding. Therefore, this research can be a valuable contribution, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the LEADER programmes by illustrating best practice examples and collecting experiences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Szilvia Gölöncsér, Diána Koponicsné Györke, Kinga Szabó (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Az egyetemi szintű közgazdászképzés első lépései Győrben
University-level economics education on the banks of the Rába River now has a quarter-century history. For younger readers, I would like to point out that the real challenge was never economics education, but becoming a university. According to the rules at the time, the presence of accredited university courses within the institution was an essential prerequisite for the award of a university title. The leaders of the College and the Universitas Foundation saw the Faculty of Economics as playing the role of the Trojan horse. At that time, law education was provided in an outsourced form (ELTE), which was much more convenient and at the same time less risky. As we know, this large-scale project had a happy ending, with the university being founded in 2002. The relevant faculty was named Law and Economics, not the other way around. This did not frustrate me as an economist and founding dean, but it was somewhat unfair to my colleagues at the Faculty of Economics, who worked at a tremendous pace. However, the unspoken principle in Győr, “the university above all else,” naturally overrides all of this.
A közgazdász képzéshez kapcsolódó írások
Copyright (c) 2023 József Veress (Szerző) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Innovator's Dilemma, with a New Foreword: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail - A book review
This review examines the updated 2024 edition of The Innovator’s Dilemma by Clayton M. Christensen, a seminal work on disruptive innovation and its impact on established firms. Christensen’s theoretical framework, which explains why market leaders fail in the face of disruptive technologies, remains highly relevant. However, this review critically assesses the transferability of his theory within the context of contemporary management research. Furthermore, it explores the applicability of Christensen’s concepts to European and German firms, considering structural, regulatory, and sectoral differences. This review highlights key limitations and outlines potential research avenues that could facilitate a stronger integration of managerial decision-making, industry-specific dynamics, and institutional frameworks into the study of disruptive innovation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lena Sticken (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Organizational Culture Trends in Light of Turbulent Times
Purpose – The objective of the paper is to provide an overview and examine how economic disruptions and rapid digitalization have influenced organizational cultures of organizations, to identify trands and successful cultural strategies that have emerged during periods of crises. Design/methodology/approach – The article is using PRISMA method for conducting a systematic literature review of Scopus-indexed articles applying Cameron and Quinn’s Competing Values Framework since 2019, start of the pandemic. Special focus is placed on studies linking organizational culture dynamics to resilience, stability, Covid-19, and innovation within organizations. Findings – The review found that crisis periods significantly elevate the importance of internal integration within organizations. Shifts towards internal focus reflect in increased values of Hierarchy culture which supports control through structure and planning. Simultaneously, Clan culture gains significance by fostering a sense of security via collaboration and belonging. Adhocracy culture tends to emerge in response to innovation-driven strategies during crises. The measurement of desired cultures show, that post-crisis, organizations often express a desire to revert to their pre-crisis culture types. Market culture supports resilience via strong supply chain integration. Originality – This study offers a comprehensive synthesis of empirical findings on cultural shifts in organizations facing crisis situations. It emphasizes the strategic applications of the Competing Values Framework in navigating organizational responses to disruption.
Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument
Copyright (c) 2025 Judit Rácskay, Ferenc Bognár (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sustainable Consumer Behavior in Omnichannel Electronics Retailing: Evidence from a Pilot Study
Purpose – Sustainability is becoming increasingly important in shaping consumer behavior in omnichannel retailing. The consumer electronics retail sector, which is characterized by a disproportionately high share of online sales compared other industries and a poor environmental performance, faces particular challenges in this regard. While numerous studies have investigated the relationship between individual consumer characteristics and organizational factors, there is a lack of integrated analyses in the omnichannel environment for consumer electronics. This pilot study seeks to address this gap by exploring how sustainability influences consumer behavior, with a specific focus on green purchase intention in an omnichannel setting. Design/methodology/approach – The pilot study focused on consumers who had purchased consumer electronics from omnichannel retailers within the past 24 months. Participants were recruited through a professional online panel in February 2025. A total of 125 valid responses were analyzed using structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) with the software SmartPLS 3, following a structured multi-step approach. Findings – The model examines the interplay between environmental awareness, shopping experience, brand identification, sustainable measures, and channel integration regarding purchase intention. The results indicate that brand identification directly affects purchase intention, while environmental awareness is significantly related to the perception of sustainable measures. Furthermore, the study confirms the positive impact of channel integration on the shopping experience; however, the shopping experience does not significantly affect purchase intention. Originality – The work provides new insights into the relationship between sustainability and consumer behavior in the electronics omnichannel retail sector and establishes a foundation for further research with the developed structural model.
Copyright (c) 2025 Julius Raether, Bence Végvári, Viktória Szente (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Leader’s Innovational Capability on Business Performance
Purpose – This study explores the innovation capabilities of business leaders in relation to organizational performance. Previous research has confirmed that business performance largely depends on its ability to adapt to market changes. The process is strongly influenced by leadership and the leader’s innovation skills. Effective leaders needs to respond quickly and effectively to external changes; while also placing significant emphasis on their employees. As industrial development, inherently drives innovation, businesses and their leaders must be equipped to implement new ideas, techniques and technologies, identify challenges and provide creative solutions. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the literature review two research questions were formulated: 1. Does the innovation capabilities of leaders influence the business performance? 2. Are there significant differences in innovation capability based on the leader’s gender, firm size, county and industry sector? Recently several international publications were issued in the topic, which formed the basis of the aspects of the performance and the innovation capabilities. Based on these aspects, a survey was conducted in 2024, among Hungarian industrial listed in the EMIS database (n=415). Findings – The findings indicate that the leader’s innovation capabilities have a significant impact on business performance. With respect to demographic characteristics, a significant relationship was found between innovation capability and both the company’s geographical location and its industry sector. However, the leader’s gender and the company size showed no significant influence on innovation capability. Originality – The outcomes of the study offer practical implications by highlighting the Hungarian regions and industry sectors where supporting innovation activities among SMEs may be most beneficial. Furthermore, the findings outline directions for further research including in-depth interviews, with leaders and more detailed analyses of demographic variables.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vivien Czucka-Varga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Economic Significance of Creative Enterprises in a City with County Rights
Purpose – This study aims to map the ecosystem of cultural and creative industries (CCI) in Szombathely, with particular attention to the structural composition, gender distribution, sectoral profile, and territorial embeddedness of enterprises. The research seeks to provide an empirical foundation for urban economic development policies and to inform the design of a creative cluster development strategy. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on organisations identified through TEÁOR codes from the public database of the Vas County Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The sample comprises 398 creative enterprises registered in Szombathely. Their legal form, activity profile, and – in the case of sole proprietors – gender composition were examined using quantitative descriptive statistical methods. As the database only reflects primary activities, creative activities undertaken as secondary activities may be underrepresented. Findings – Sole proprietorships predominate within the local CCI (63%), particularly in artistic activities. The most significant subsectors are architecture, advertising agency services, fashion and industrial design, and fine arts. While men account for 55% of proprietors overall, women are overrepresented in several domains, including fashion design, fine arts, and social science R&D. Nearly half of the county’s creative enterprises are concentrated in Szombathely, underscoring the significance of urban knowledge and networking advantages. Originality – This paper provides a comprehensive, full–population descriptive analysis of the CCI structure in a provincial Hungarian city and proposes tangible policy recommendations. The findings highlight the need to foster creative clustering, targeted support for women entrepreneurs, and stronger links between market-oriented services and the artistic sector, in order to promote a diverse and resilient urban economy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zoltán Horváth (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Competency-Based Frameworks in Automotive Body Development: A Systematic Literature Review
Purpose – This study examines the correlation between individual competences and project performance in the context of international automotive body development. Increasing cross-border outsourcing among suppliers has intensified the demand for project planning methodologies that consider variations in individual talents and behavioral characteristics. The precise assessment of development timescales is affected by both technical proficiency and interpersonal abilities, including communication, collaboration, and decision-making. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review was conducted to analyze peer-reviewed research published between 1999 and 2025. The review process included structured database searches, thematic screening, and quality assessment. Studies were selected using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and organized into thematic categories. Findings – A total of 33 relevant studies were identified and classified into four thematic clusters: project management, competency development and learning, recruitment and internships, and automotive-specific skills. The review reveals a growing interest in competency-based approaches but also identifies a consistent gap in linking individual competencies to measurable performance in automotive body development projects. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating behavioral attributes such as teamwork, leadership, and adaptability with technical knowledge in order to improve project outcomes. Originality – Although the broader project management literature increasingly addresses the role of competencies, few studies focus specifically on the automotive body development context. This paper proposes a holistic, competency-based planning framework that incorporates both behavioral and technical dimensions of performance. Such an approach may enhance time estimation, resource allocation, and stakeholder coordination in complex, internationally distributed development settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Richard Kovacs, Sandor Remsei (Szerző) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0: Freedom or Insecurity for Business?
Purpose –This study investigates the dual influence of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 on business development, with a particular focus on their implications for economic security. It explores how the transition from a purely technology-driven paradigm to a more human-centric one affects business models, innovation strategies, and organizational resilience. Design/methodology/approach –The article employs a conceptual literature review methodology. It synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed journals, policy papers, and international institutional reports obtained from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The selection criteria included thematic relevance to digitalization, cyber-physical systems, human-technology interaction, organizational transformation, and strategic foresight. Findings – The study reveals that Industry 4.0 primarily fosters efficiency through automation, data exchange, and smart systems integration. However, it also raises concerns over cyber vulnerabilities and labor market disruptions. Conversely, Industry 5.0 incorporates human creativity and ethical innovation into digital transformation processes, aiming to balance productivity with inclusiveness and adaptability. Nonetheless, both paradigms introduce complex risks, including cybersecurity threats, social inequality in technology access, and institutional inertia. The findings indicate the urgent need for strategic frameworks that mitigate these risks while fostering technological competitiveness. Originality – This research is among the first to conceptually contrast Industry 4.0 and 5.0 from the perspective of economic security. It introduces the concept of Quantum 2.0 as a holistic strategic framework for securing business development through cyber-resilience, institutional adaptation, and human-technology co-evolution. The article contributes to the discourse by linking technological progress with socio-economic resilience, offering insights for policymakers and business strategists seeking sustainable and secure industrial transformation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iryna Otenko, Yevheniia Voroniuk, Oleh Haiduk (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Challenges of techno-economic analysis of reverse water gas shift reaction
Purpose – Global climate change demands multifaceted solutions, especially in the realm of emerging green technologies. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are crucial for reducing emissions in sectors where other alternatives are not economically favorable. In recent years, researchers focused on the catalytic reforming of CO2 with H2 to produce chemicals and energy source. One of these researched methods is reverse water gas shift reaction, which can be a cost-competitive solution for syngas according to previous studies. Design/methodology/approach – Our goal is to have a deeper understanding of reverse water gas shift as an alternative way of carbon utilization from an economic perspective. In our research, we utilized literature sources and Excel to develop our own model. Findings – In our study, analysis of literature and the model developed using excel reveal that the RWGS process as a chemical CO2 conversion route could serve as a sustainable alternative for syngas production, contingent upon the simultaneous presence of multiple factors. However, considering the current TRL of this technology and the anticipated high, yet scalable, maintenance costs, achieving profitability necessitates a significantly large plant scale. Alternatively, profitable operation could be attained through regulatory changes, such as an increase in CO2 ETS credits. Since the number of available literatures is highly limited, and the technology has a lower level of TRL, there is a lot of uncertainty in our techno-economic analysis. However, it is clear that this technology to be profitable, many factors must come together at the same time. Originality – This is the first empirical work that integrates economic decision-making theory with training transfer mechanisms, incorporating factors that organizations can control to optimize human capital investments. Additionally, establishing supervisor and peer support as contextual variables extends the widely recognized model by Baldwin and Ford.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cintia Alexandra Trapp (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Media targeting – local media, how do media planners see it?
The study examines the issue of media targeting, its methods and practices, with particular attention to locality, media availability and the challenges associated with it. Purpose – To map the current role of local media within the interpretative framework of media targeting as a marketing media activity. To gain a deeper understanding of the knowledge and beliefs of media agency professionals regarding media targeting and local media supply. Design/methodology/approach – The research examines media targeting practices and beliefs regarding local media availability among leading media agency professionals through a secondary analysis of existing literature sources and market data and 11 in-depth expert interviews. The 11 semi-structured in-depth interviews were analyzed using the thematic text analysis method developed by Braun, & Clarke, (2006). Findings – The results show that digital media is increasingly important for targeting in both the national and local markets. Traditional local media offerings are diverse and numerous, but larger media agencies are not exploiting their potential, mainly due to their fragmentation, less information and different communication standards compared to larger and national media. The research highlights the tension between data-driven personalized advertising and consumer privacy, and the fact that excessive targeting can even provoke resistance among consumers. Originality – Media targeting and local media availability have been little studied in the literature in recent years, and the circle of leading media agency professionals has only rarely been the focus of research on the given topic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tamás Szabó D. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Consumer Attitudes Towards Gender-based Pricing
Purpose – This research examines the existence and extent of gender-based pricing inequalities within the Polish market, emphasizing consumer awareness and perceptions of equity. By merging an objective price analysis with subjective consumer assessments, the study provides a thorough understanding of how pricing differs between products aimed at men and women, and how these variations affect consumer attitudes and behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – The study utilized a dual methodology. Initially, a comparative price analysis was performed for selected gender-specific products across categories such as personal care, clothing, toys and accessories. Pricing information was gathered from prominent Polish retail websites, comparing similar items for males and females in terms of unit price, functionality, and brand. Subsequently, a survey involving 155 consumers evaluated their awareness of these pricing disparities and their views on the fairness of such practices, as well as the influence on their purchasing choices. Findings – The results indicate notable price discrepancies, with products targeted at women typically priced higher, despite offering comparable features to those aimed at men. Survey results reveal that a majority of consumers regard these price differences as unfair, which may result in alterations in purchasing behavior, including a willingness to explore products marketed towards the opposite gender to economize. Originality – This study adds to limited literature on gender-based pricing in Poland by combining market data with consumer perspectives. The findings highlight the necessity for enhanced pricing transparency and lay the groundwork for additional academic inquiry and policy discussions regarding gender-based pricing practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sandra Misiak-Kwit, Wiktoria Łunkiewicz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
How Human Space Travel Influences Space Tourism: A Critical Review about Astronautical Space Travel - Beginning of a new era by Prof. Dr. Rupert Gerzer
Copyright (c) 2025 Aileen Rabsahl (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of sustainable university environment
Purpose – This study aims to demonstrate how universities can act as catalysts for sustainable development, with a particular focus on Széchenyi István University (SZE). It examines the alignment of the institution’s initiatives with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and identifies both the drivers and barriers to creating a sustainable university environment. Design/methodology/approach – A case study methodology is applied. The university’s sustainability initiatives are evaluated across five dimensions: education, research, infrastructure, operations, and stakeholder engagement. These initiatives are benchmarked against international best practices and indicators from the UI GreenMetric World University Rankings. Findings – SZE has developed a comprehensive and multidimensional sustainability strategy encompassing quality education, environmental protection, zero-carbon objectives, and partnerships. Despite these achievements, several challenges persist that may hinder further progress. Originality – The study introduces a holistic and adaptable framework for evaluating and improving university sustainability strategies. By aligning institutional development with global SDGs and incorporating a detailed barrier analysis, it provides practical recommendations for higher education institutions seeking to enhance their contribution to the sustainability transition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Péter Németh, András Torma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Values Behind Circular Consumption - A Comparison Between Thailand and Laos
Purpose – The Authors investigate how open consumers are in Thailand and Laos for consumption solutions of fashion products supporting the circular economy and what the relationships are between their behavior and cultural values; additionally, they compare the characteristics of the two countries’ respondents. Design – The study utilizes a quantitative approach. Based on the literature background, a questionnaire was compiled and completed by 62 respondents from Laos and Thailand. Findings – The study's findings are based on correlation analysis of the Schwartz value set and circular economy-related issues, including openness to circular economy, switching behavior for sustainable fashion solutions (remanufactured and second-hand products), and a Welch test comparing respondents’ answers from Laos and Thailand. Results show that, despite close similarities in culture and values, the openness of Thai and Lao respondents to circular economy is different from each other, and they also prefer different circular solutions in the field of fashion consumption. Research limitations – the selection of participants and the small number of respondents. Practical implications – By highlighting similarities and differences between Laos and Thailand, practical implications include the possibility of using this information to choose an appropriate form of fashion products for the Lao market, thereby supporting circular economy-related behavior. Originality/value – This work is one of the first attempts to discover Lao people’s opinion about circular economy supporting behavior related to fashion products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Homedahack Sengsouly (Szerző) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Corruption Prevention on Innovation
Purpose – Sustainability is a common topic in today's economic literature. The realization of this is unthinkable without effective and successful innovation. Sustainability can be compromised by various factors, including an emphasis on the short term. Another phenomenon, which also has a negative effect on sustainability, is less often mentioned. This is the problem of corruption. Corruption is as old as history and still exists today despite all countermeasures. Therefore, it is important to assess how the effectiveness of prevention can be increased and what results decreasing corruption can lead to. This study examines the impact of corruption on innovation. Design/methodology/approach – The question is relevant because innovation is essential for ensuring sustainability. The study is carried out by the authors using data from public databases and statistical methods. The relationship between the two phenomena was established with a correlation test, and the direction of the relationship between them was established with a causality test. Findings – The results confirm the positive effect of corruption control on innovation and infrastructure development. As a result of stronger prevention of corruption, on the one hand, resources intended for innovation can be prevented from being used for other purposes. This may be a consequence of transparency on the one hand, and more effective control on the other. Originality – The present research focused only on developed national economies, but based on the results, it is worth repeating in the future, also in developing economies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Botond Géza Kálmán, Erzsébet Németh, Szilárd Malatyinszki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Aligning HRM practices with generation Y motivational factors in SMEs: A PRISMA systematic review
Abstract – This study examines how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can align their human resource management (HRM) practices with the motivational factors of Generation Y, a demographic known for its distinct work expectations, including flexibility, career development, and digital engagement. The research employs a systematic review methodology guided by the PRISMA protocol, focusing on studies conducted within Europe over the past five years. An initial search yielded 580 articles, of which 52 were assessed, and ultimately 7 met the inclusion criteria for analysis. The findings indicate that Generation Y employees are driven by a desire for work-life balance, career development, and roles that align with their personal values. SMEs that offer flexible working conditions, structured career paths, and digital tools for engagement and feedback are more likely to retain this cohort. However, resource constraints in SMEs pose challenges, necessitating scalable and adaptable HRM strategies. The study provides practical recommendations, including the adoption of flexible work policies, digital engagement tools, and recognition programs, to enhance employee satisfaction and retention. The research highlights a gap in the literature regarding long term strategies for integrating these practices in SMEs. Future research should focus on developing cost-effective HRM solutions tailored to the specific needs of SMEs while addressing the unique motivations of Generation Y employees. Purpose – This paper explores how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can align their human resource management (HRM) practices with the motivational needs of Generation Y employees. It addresses the growing challenge SMEs face in adapting to generational shifts in workplace expectations, particularly around flexibility, purpose, and psychological safety. The goal is to synthesize existing research and highlight HRM approaches that support employee engagement, satisfaction, and retention within the constraints typical of SME environments. Design/methodology/approach – This study employs a systematic literature review following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology. The review process included comprehensive searches in databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on articles published between 2019 and 2024. After applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 580 studies were initially identified, of which 52 were reviewed in detail. Ultimately, 7 peer-reviewed articles met all criteria and were analyzed to identify recurring HRM practices aligned with Generation Y’s motivational factors in SME settings. Findings – The review identified flexibility, career development, purpose-driven work, and digital engagement as core motivational drivers for Generation Y employees in SMEs. HRM practices that promote autonomy, clear growth pathways, and meaningful feedback were consistently associated with higher engagement and retention. Despite resource limitations, SMEs can adopt scalable solutions such as flexible work policies, low-cost digital tools, and supportive leadership structures. The findings also highlight the need for balance in feedback practices and the importance of aligning organizational values with personal values to foster long-term loyalty among Generation Y employees. Originality – This paper offers one of the few systematic reviews focused specifically on aligning HRM practices with Generation Y motivational factors in the SME context. By applying the PRISMA methodology, it consolidates fragmented academic findings into a structured overview of effective HR strategies for smaller enterprises. The study highlights a notable gap in existing literature and provides a foundation for future empirical research. Its value lies in offering practical, adaptable recommendations that SMEs can apply despite resource limitations, bridging the divide between generational expectations and operational realities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Judit Török-Kmoskó, Krisztina Dajnoki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review of management principles of Science and Technology Parks in international academic literature. The internal aspect of sustainability.
Purpose – This study aims to elucidate the key findings of international scholarly research pertaining to Science and Technology Parks (STPs). Furthermore, it seeks to identify the diverse stakeholders within STPs and assess their impact on their surrounding environments. The research also investigates the crucial boundary conditions for the sustainable operation of STPs as institutions. Through this comprehensive review, we endeavor to understand successful management models, with a particular focus on the revenue streams of STPs. Based on these insights, the study will formulate recommendations for Hungarian regulatory bodies governing STPs and the governing boards overseeing their operations. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on a semi-systematic review of thirty years (1994-2024) of international academic literature. In the initial phase, 173 relevant studies were selected based on search terms. These studies were then ranked by the number of citations. The subsequent phase narrowed down the results to case studies specifically concerning individual STPs, thereby reducing the volume to a manageable size from a resource management perspective. This process led to the selection of twenty research papers that were analyzed in detail in accordance with the defined research questions. Findings – The assessment of STPs is contentious, with their impact on the surrounding environment being either positive or neutral. The stakeholder landscape within these parks is diverse, encompassing industrial actors, including large corporations, entrepreneurs, new technology-based companies, and start-ups, as well as governmental entities and university or research institutions. A primary determinant of a park's success lies in the establishment of an appropriate management team. The internal sustainability of a park is predicated on the successful cultivation of partnerships that foster knowledge spillover, technology transfer, and ultimately, innovation. Originality – This constitutes the inaugural literature review that scrutinizes the success criteria of the park itself, rather than solely focusing on its partners. It formulates generalizable conclusions based on mature international case studies, which can contribute to the successful operation and management of Hungarian STPs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Viktória Buday, György Eigner (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Shifting Landscape of Research Excellene: A Regional Analysis of Highly Cited Researchers (2020-2024)
Purpose – The aim of this study is to examine the regional distribution of Highly Cited Researchers from 2020 to 2024, and to explore the dynamics of research excellence across different regions. The analysis is conducted not only on a global level but also at the level of 21 research clusters. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on the annually published Highly Cited Researchers list by Clarivate. The first phase of the study determined the regional distribution of 34,225 Highly Cited Researchers between 2020 and 2024. Subsequently, the focus shifted to the distribution of HCRs across 21 research clusters, analyzed on an annual basis. Findings – Although North America holds the leading position in the number of Highly Cited Researchers during the examined period, Asia—particularly China—shows significant growth. Asia surpassed Europe in 2023 and 2024. The cluster-specific regional distribution exhibits substantial heterogeneity. North America dominates most research clusters; however, there are notable instances of Asia's strong advancement. The results also reveal a significant linear relationship between Highly Cited Papers and Highly Cited Researchers. Originality – This is the first study to analyze the changes in the regional distribution of Highly Cited Researchers in a 5-year time window. While Asia’s global representation in scientific outputs has been long recognized, our findings emphasize global trends at the level of research clusters and highlight the need to reconsider research and cooperation strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zsolt Kohus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The legal framework of the tourist guide profession: challenges and opportunities in Hungary and Europe
Purpose – The aim of this study is to explore the current status of the tourist guiding profession in Hungary within the regulatory frameworks of the European Union and its Member States. Specifically, the research addresses deficiencies in Hungarian legislation and examines their economic and professional consequences. It highlights the need for comprehensive regulatory reform to restore the prestige of the profession and support the development of high-quality tourism services. Design/methodology/approach – The research was conducted in four stages: a review of the relevant literature; an analysis of Hungarian and EU legislation; a comparative study of tourist guide regulatory practices in selected European countries (such as Portugal, the Czech Republic, and Austria); and semi-structured in-depth interviews with leaders of two major Hungarian professional associations. The methodology incorporated projective techniques to gain deeper insight into respondents' attitudes and motivations. Findings – The findings confirm that the legal environment governing the tourist guiding profession in Hungary is outdated, fragmented, and ineffective. Low penalties and insufficient enforcement have led to the widespread proliferation of unlicensed guiding activities, resulting in significant revenue losses and a decline in service quality. A comparative analysis shows that countries such as Austria and Spain, which apply stricter regulations, offer better protection for the profession and ensure higher service standards. Professional organizations strongly advocate for reinforced legislation, stricter sanctions against illegal operators, and enhanced training requirements. Based on these findings, recommendations include the development of a unified, up-to-date legal framework, the periodic renewal of professional licenses, and the introduction of a digital identification system for tourist guides. Originality/value – This study is the first to provide a comprehensive, comparative analysis of Hungarian tourist guiding legislation within the context of the practices of other EU Member States, combining legal analysis with professional fieldwork interviews. The author's extensive personal experience of working as a tourist guide offers a practical and authentic perspective. The research formulates actionable recommendations that could contribute directly to advancing Hungary’s tourism sector and restoring the societal prestige of the tourist guiding profession.
Copyright (c) 2025 Viktória Kundi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examination of Best Practices in Family-friendly Business Event Management in Hungarian Hotels
Purpose – This study examines key factors influencing the implementation of family-friendly business event management in Hungary. Business events facilitate professional and academic exchange, requiring organizers to address the needs of professionals with family responsibilities. A successful approach includes dedicated childcare, family activities, clear communication, and suitable infrastructure, enabling attendees to balance work and family. Hospitality providers adopting these practices can gain a competitive advantage by catering to business travelers seeking family-friendly accommodation. Design/methodology/approach – This qualitative study analyses three Hungarian four-star hotels through in-depth interviews with hotel representatives and content analysis of hotel websites. NVivo software was used for in-vivo coding, and a comparative analysis identified similarities and differences in family-friendly practices. Findings – Family-friendly business event management is implemented to varying degrees in the examined hotels. Key factors include childcare services, family-oriented activities, targeted communication, and infrastructure catering to both professional and family needs. Additionally, flexible scheduling, well-trained staff, and interactive spaces that accommodate both work and leisure activities were found to be essential. Children’s hotel experiences influence long-term consumer preferences, making family-friendly services a strategic advantage. However, successful implementation requires investment in infrastructure, staff training, and marketing. Originality – This study enhances understanding of family-friendly business event management by identifying essential components for success. The findings underscore that without a structured and well-communicated family-friendly approach, business events may fail to attract professionals with family commitments. Future research should explore broader hospitality sectors and assess the economic impact of family-friendly event management strategies in Hungary.
Copyright (c) 2025 Krisztina Keller, Kitti Boros (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The FOMO phenomenon based on a survey of Hungarian business students
Purpose – The research aimed to investigate the phenomenon of FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) among Hungarian university students majoring in economics. On the one hand, the study examines the students' self-evaluation of their competencies, as this is a key factor in terms of self-evaluation and social comparison when FOMO appears. On the other hand, it explores how they perceive the FOMO phenomenon in relation to their own careers and studies. Design/methodology/approach – The authors carried out qualitative and quantitative research. The qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with three professionals with expertise in the field. The quantitative analysis was conducted at the Faculty of Foreign Trade of the Budapest University of Economics and Business with the participation of 432 students. The quantitative research involved a questionnaire for the participants to fill in online. The research results were analysed by the authors using SPSS version 28. Findings – The research showed that there is a significant relationship between students’ self-evaluations of their skills and their gender, age and work experience. Based on the fear of falling behind, three groups were identified, and it was also shown that these fears were not significantly influenced by work experience. Originality – The study found that students’ skill levels are associated with gender, age and work experience. However, the results also confirmed that although the FOMO phenomenon exists among students, it is not the sole reason for taking a job alongside studying in this sample.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tímea Juhász, Krisztina Inczédy, Ádám Pfeiffer (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Historical perspectives, frameworks and indicators of sustainable development
Purpose – This study aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the concept of sustainable development and sustainability. It reviews the frameworks and indicators currently used in practice to assess sustainability, with particular emphasis on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) dimensions. The research explores how these frameworks collectively support the balance between economic growth, social well-being, and environmental protection. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis involved an in-depth review of key sustainability frameworks, including the SDGs and ESG criteria, as well as major sustainability indices. The methodology encompassed a brief summary, a systematization and a critical evaluation of relevant documents and reports from a sustainability-related criteria and values. Findings – The results demonstrate that sustainability frameworks and criteria are mutually reinforcing, offering a comprehensive overview of organizational sustainability performance. Furthermore, various sustainability indices provide globally accessible data for a wide range of stakeholders. The findings underscore that the standardization and harmonization of sustainability measurement and evaluation are pivotal to achieving transparent reporting practices. Originality – This study highlights that sustainability frameworks should not be regarded solely as aspirational future objectives but as integral components of responsible and conscious decision-making processes in the present. By adopting a holistic analytical approach, the research contributes to a deeper theoretical understanding and offers practical insights for the effective integration of sustainability principles into organizational strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Balázs Herczeg, Éva Pintér (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Overview of Possible Relationship Management Aspects for the Governance of CCU/S
Purpose – This study explores the role of relationship management in supporting the governance of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCU/S) technologies, which are considered vital for achieving climate goals. Despite their potential, CCU/S technologies are emerging technologies, currently at a quite low technology readiness level that face governance challenges due to technical, financial, and socio-political uncertainties. This paper addresses a research gap by investigating how relationship management can foster collaboration, reduce stakeholder risks, and facilitate coordinated implementation. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopts an interdisciplinary literature review as its methodological approach, synthesizing approaches to relationship management that extend beyond the corporate context, offering insights relevant to CCU/S governance. The review examines key relationship management strategies, including government relations, public relations, corporate social responsibility, public-private partnerships, partner relationship management and citizen relationship management systems. Findings – The findings reveal that successful CCU/S governance depends on fostering long-term, trust-based cooperation between public and private actors. Relationship management strategies that emphasize transparency, inclusive communication, and adaptive stakeholder coordination are especially relevant. Real-world practices, such as Norway’s Longship project, illustrate the practical applicability of these concepts. Originality – This paper is among the first to analyze relationship management through the lens of CCU/S governance, offering a conceptual foundation for future empirical research. It highlights the importance of integrating socio-political dynamics into technology governance and provides aspects to support the deployment of CCU/S technologies at the national level.
Copyright (c) 2025 Krisztina Kádár (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Critical Review of Non-Financial Disclosure Measurement Methods
Purpose – The measurement of non-financial disclosure (NFD) remains a key challenge in corporate reporting due to inconsistencies, subjectivity, and methodological limitations. As companies increasingly disclose information on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and sustainability, the need for robust, reliable, and comparable measurement frameworks has become critical. This study critically evaluates existing NFD measurement methods, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and future directions. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on five primary disclosure measurement techniques: content analysis, disclosure indices, market-based measures, regulatory compliance-based assessment, and disclosure surveys. The study evaluates these approaches based on their ability to assess the quality, relevance, and comparability of non-financial disclosures. Additionally, emerging methodologies such as AI-driven content analysis, machine learning applications, and sentiment analysis are explored as potential solutions to enhance disclosure assessment. Findings – Traditional NFD measurement methods suffer from bias, subjectivity, and excessive focus on disclosure quantity over quality. Furthermore, the voluntary nature of many non-financial disclosures complicates standardization and comparability across industries and jurisdictions. The study highlights the need for more adaptive, technology-driven measurement frameworks that integrate automation, contextual analysis, and qualitative evaluation to improve reliability and objectivity. Originality – This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on corporate transparency and sustainability reporting by advocating for a more holistic and technology-enhanced approach to NFD measurement. It underscores the importance of AI, natural language processing (NLP), and machine learning in improving accuracy, comparability, and scalability in corporate disclosure assessment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asma Mechta, Zsuzsanna Szeles, Ágnes Siklósi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sustainability-Oriented Entrepreneurial Behavior: Navigating with Improvisation
Purpose – The primary aim of the article is to investigate sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial behavior, specifically how improvisational capabilities enable entrepreneurs to navigate and address challenges related to sustainability in their practices. The article offers insights into the managerial approaches used by entrepreneurs who align their efforts with environmental and social responsibilities. Design/methodology/approach – The article uses qualitative content analysis to systematically evaluate existing literature. The study relies on the grounded theory approach, using inductive open coding for breaking down and examining the data, and axial coding to synthesize the findings in new ways by connecting the categories. Findings – The research identifies improvisation as an important dynamic capability that allows entrepreneurs to respond flexibly to unexpected challenges and capitalize on emerging opportunities in sustainability contexts. The findings reveal that improvisation is an important dynamic capability in navigating the uncertain landscape of sustainability. The study highlights the importance of developing competencies and fostering inter-organizational collaborations as essential strategies for sustainable entrepreneurship. Originality – The article offers original insights by establishing a comprehensive framework that integrates improvisation into the understanding of sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial behavior. It points out that entrepreneurship is not just as organization-building but also network creation within entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arvi Kuura, Kristo Tõnissoo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Challenges and Opportunities of AI in Market Research: Virtual Interviewers
Purpose – This study explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into marketing research, focusing specifically on the acceptance and perceptions of AI-based virtual interviewers. It examines respondents’ willingness to engage with AI-driven survey tools, analyzing perceived advantages and concerns, while identifying key demographic and attitudinal drivers influencing acceptance. Design/methodology/approach – A representative survey of 1,077 adult respondents in Hungary was conducted using the Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) method. The sample was weighted by gender, age, education, settlement type, and region. Statistical analyses included z-tests, ANOVA, factor analysis, and cluster analysis to assess demographic and experiential factors influencing AI perceptions and to segment respondents into attitude-based clusters. Findings – The Hungarian population shows general hesitance toward AI-based interviewers. While 46% of AI adopters expressed willingness to engage with a virtual interviewer, only 11% of AI rejecters reported the same. Experience with AI tools, such as chatbots or virtual assistants, significantly increases openness. Two factors influenced willingness to respond: perceived benefits (e.g., speed, curiosity) and perceived risks (e.g., job loss, data privacy). Cluster analysis identified three segments: Open Sceptics, Technology Sceptics, and Technology Friends, differentiated by age, gender, technological experience, and attitudes toward AI. Originality – This is one of the early empirical studies investigating public acceptance of AI-based virtual interviewers in the context of marketing research. It provides actionable insights for researchers and practitioners into how technological experience, demographic factors, and emotional responses influence acceptance. The study also offers practical recommendations for implementing hybrid survey models and segment-specific communication strategies to foster greater engagement with AI-driven research tools.
Copyright (c) 2025 Györgyi Danó, Stefan Kovács, Vivien Surman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Consumer Culture Theory – Social and Market Connections in Contemporary Marketing
Objective – The purpose of this study is to explore the role and added value of Consumer Culture Theory (CCT) within marketing science. Specifically, it examines how CCT can contribute to the understanding of consumer behavior and its connection to business anthropology research. The author attempts to demonstrate the applicability of CCT in marketing theory and its relevance in the analysis of consumer behavior at the group level. Methodology – The study analyzes the relationship between business anthropology and marketing, focusing on different levels of consumer behavior. The author positions CCT within consumer behavior research, highlighting its advantages and limitations in a marketing context. A comparative analysis is applied, incorporating insights from the international literature. Findings – The research findings indicate that CCT effectively examines the behavior of consumer groups and cultural contexts. The model is particularly suitable for interpreting historical and social consumption patterns and market cultures, making it a valuable tool for marketing strategy. However, the study also concludes that CCT alone is not sufficient to analyze consumer behavior at the micro (psychological) and macro (economic) levels. Therefore, its integration with other theories is necessary for a holistic marketing approach. Originality – This study contributes to clarifying the relationship between CCT and marketing while offering a new perspective on consumer behavior research. The author highlights the growing importance of CCT in marketing theory, particularly through its focus on socio-cultural contexts. The novelty of this research lies in positioning CCT not only as an independent model but as an integral and complementary component within marketing science.
Copyright (c) 2025 Platz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perception of electric car use over time
Purpose – The automotive industry is trying to reduce environmental impact by offering alternative solutions such as hybrid and electric powertrains. However, cars with this technology are expensive and unusual, and sometimes require compromises. Yet, their number is growing, and more and more of them are on the road. This gives researchers the opportunity to study those who choose these cars and to ask those who do not use them (yet?). The study aims to present the results of a survey of 1,000 people representative of the adult Hungarian population in 2022 and 2024. The study will compare the answers to questions on hybrid and battery electric cars, and to compare them to see how people's opinions have changed after two years. Design/methodology/approach – We selected questions from the 2022 and 2024 1000-person surveys, which are representative of the adult Hungarian population, that best demonstrate, the change in the opinion and acceptance of Hungarians towards cars with electric technology when compared. The graphs in the study illustrate the decreasing trend in consumer interest and the increasing skepticism. SPSS Statistics was used to analyze the data which was then plotted in Microsoft Excel. Findings – Even in the 2022 survey, we found that people were distrustful of hybrid and battery electric vehicles. The results of the 2024 survey show an even more negative picture. Respondents believe that only the wealthy can afford to buy such vehicles and do not consider those who use them to be acting sustainably. The survey results also show that few people are considering buying such a car. Originality – The field of hybrid, and in particular, battery electric cars is new, and little research has been conducted into how Hungarian people’s opinions on the subject have changed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bence Vereckei-Poór (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Az önvezető járművek témaköre népszerű témának számít napjainkban. Az autóipari vállalatok és a tudományos szféra egyaránt kutatja e kérdéskört. Ugyanakkor a legtöbb előrejelzés a teljesen önjáró autók elterjedését inkább középtávon (2–3 évtizeden belül) tartja reálisnak. Hasonló technológiai változáson mennek keresztül a városok is, hiszen az infokommunikációs megoldások egyre szélesebb körű felhasználásával próbálnak okos várossá válni. A két folyamat párhuzamos fejlődésének köszönhetően az önvezető autók valószínűleg már az okos városokban róják majd az utakat. A tanulmány az autonóm járművek és a smart city várható kapcsolatát mutatja be, elsősorban a kapcsolódó nemzetközi szakirodalom áttekintésének segítségével.
Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Region, Society and Economy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0